{"id":101,"date":"2014-11-07T12:50:51","date_gmt":"2014-11-07T17:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.bsu.edu\/research\/?p=101"},"modified":"2019-11-15T14:12:36","modified_gmt":"2019-11-15T19:12:36","slug":"the-awesome-power-of-yeast-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bsu.edu\/research\/2014\/11\/07\/the-awesome-power-of-yeast-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"The Awesome Power of Yeast Genetics"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cells divide and organisms grow. We learn this early in science classes. But what happens when an organism is done growing? How do the cells know when to stop dividing? What do cells do if they make a mistake?<\/p>\n

\u201cIn our cells, we have proteins that are made all the time, and sometimes those proteins need to be destroyed,\u201d explains Assistant Professor of Biology\u00a0VJ Rubenstein<\/a>. \u201cSome proteins you want to have around only for a little period of time \u2013 for instance, proteins that tell your cells to divide. You want those cells when you\u2019re developing or healing, but you don\u2019t want those around all the time or you get cancer. The cell has in place a way to say, \u2018That protein\u2019s job is done. We\u2019re going to destroy it.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Rubenstein

From L to R: Research Student Sheldon Watts, Cell Biology Instructor Stephen Gasior, TA Nicholas Yonts, TA Nolan Pachciarz, TA Emily Weigand, Research Student Justin Crowder, Research Student Sam Coffey, VJ Rubenstein, Research Student Eric Fults\u00a0enjoying a\u00a0Rubenstein Lab pizza break.<\/p><\/div>\n

Deliberately triggering that reaction in cholesterol is Rubenstein\u2019s goal. He has been investigating what specifically activates it through a study called Seek and Destroy: Reducing Cholesterol by Enhancing Protein Destruction.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe say cholesterol as though it\u2019s one simple thing, but cholesterol is actually several molecules together,\u201d Rubenstein explains. \u201cCholesterol itself is a lipid, but the cholesterol that\u2019s moving in our blood is little particles of a protein bound up with all these little lipids. If we can find a way to tell our cells to recognize and destroy this protein, then we can reduce the levels of cholesterol in our blood.\u201d<\/p>\n

To find a way to tell cells to destroy that protein, Rubenstein is tapping the power of a resource common in genetic research: yeast.<\/p>\n

\u201cMost of the systems functioning in your cells right now are functioning in almost every other cell that lives,\u201d Rubenstein says. \u201cWe all do the same thing \u2013 we all have DNA, we all have protein, we all make RNA from DNA molecules and use the RNA as a template to make new protein molecules, and we have ways to detect and destroy proteins when we don\u2019t need them anymore.\u201d<\/p>\n

Because of this, yeast can act as a model organism \u2013 results found through yeast research can usually be applied to larger, more complex organisms, such as humans.<\/p>\n

\u201cYeast cells don\u2019t necessarily have cholesterol, but they have proteins that are recognized and destroyed in the same way. In my lab, we are trying to understand how yeast cells destroy proteins and using that as a model for the major protein component of cholesterol,\u201d Rubenstein says. \u201cIf we can piece together how this works in yeast, we might be able to provide some insight to people who are studying this field in a mammalian system \u2013 people working with mice, ultimately working up to humans.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yeast cells appeal to researchers because they yield results quickly.<\/p>\n

\n
\"Justin

MS Student Justin Crowder is loading protein samples onto a polyacrylamide gel to study how living cells recognize and degrade specific proteins.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u201cIf I have a hypothesis that Gene X is required to destroy this protein, I can very, very easily go into the yeast\u2019s DNA and erase that sequence. So I can get rid of that gene and then we have a yeast cell that lacks Gene X. I can ask, \u2018Can this cell that lacks Gene X destroy this protein?\u2019 and very easily I can say yes or no, Gene X is or is not required to destroy this protein,\u201d Rubenstein explains. \u201cThat\u2019s a lot harder to do in animals. I can make a yeast strain that lacks Gene X in a matter of two weeks or a month. To make a mouse that lacks Gene X could take a year.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s this idea in the yeast community: the APOYG \u2013 the Awesome Power of Yeast Genetics \u2013 because we can very readily do what I\u2019ve described. There are all kinds of fun things that we can do in yeast cells \u2013 we can look at individual genes or start looking at the entire genome, the entire collection of genes, and knock out one at a time and ask \u2018what is the effect?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

Rubenstein has been working with yeast since 2003. He says his interest in the unicellular organisms came about because they are great for studying basic processes and for conducting research with undergraduate students.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn almost every basic area of biology, the initial studies were done on yeast,\u201d Rubenstein says. \u201cMy lab works on yeast, some other labs work on animals, some other labs work on human cells, and we all kind of work together to build this body of knowledge.\u201d<\/p>\n

The\u00a0National Institutes of Health<\/a>\u00a0recognize Rubenstein\u2019s contribution to this body of knowledge and recently awarded him a three-year, $310,688 grant to study the process by which cholesterol proteins are destroyed. His goal is to provide understanding that will lead to improved treatments for cholesterol-related diseases.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cells divide and organisms grow. We learn this early in science classes. But what happens when an organism is done growing? How do the cells know when to stop dividing? What do cells do if they make a mistake? \u201cIn our cells, we have proteins that are made all the time, and sometimes those proteins […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":104,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,9],"tags":[15],"class_list":["post-101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-featured","category-researchnews","tag-2014-fall-research-magazine"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Awesome Power of Yeast Genetics - Ball State University Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.bsu.edu\/research\/2014\/11\/07\/the-awesome-power-of-yeast-genetics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Awesome Power of Yeast Genetics - Ball State University Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cells divide and organisms grow. 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